In what situation is it legal for officers to stop a vehicle without probable cause?

A vehicle stop without probable cause is legal at a checkpoint, typically set up for specific enforcement purposes such as DUI checks, license and insurance verification, or highway safety initiatives. These checkpoints are conducted under specific legal guidelines that allow law enforcement officers to stop vehicles systematically to ensure compliance with certain regulations.

The law allows this practice as it serves a significant public interest, particularly in promoting public safety and deterring crime. Officers at checkpoints do not require probable cause for each individual stop, as the checkpoints must be established in a manner that minimizes intrusion on the rights of drivers while advancing legitimate law enforcement interests.

In contrast, other scenarios mentioned do not typically allow for stops without a form of probable cause. For example, stopping a vehicle at traffic lights, during high-speed chases, or on residential streets generally requires the officer to have reasonable suspicion or probable cause regarding a traffic violation or criminal activity.